cloudflare-nextjs

OpenNext Cloudflare Adapter — Next.js on Workers

Deploy Next.js applications to Cloudflare Workers using the OpenNext adapter (@opennextjs/cloudflare). The adapter takes a standard Next.js build, runs package.json build script, then transforms the output to run on the Workers runtime using the Node.js compatibility layer (nodejs_compat) — not the Edge runtime.

Critical Requirements (get these wrong and the build/runtime fails)

Requirement	Value	Why
Runtime	Node.js (default). Remove every export const runtime = "edge";	Edge runtime is unsupported; OpenNext uses nodejs_compat.
compatibility_flags	["nodejs_compat", "global_fetch_strictly_public"]	Node APIs + allow fetch() in app code.
compatibility_date	≥ 2024-09-23; ≥ 2025-05-05 recommended (FinalizationRegistry)	Older dates break FinalizationRegistry, DOs, and more.
Wrangler	≥ 3.99.0 to deploy; ≥ 4.13.0 for keep_names; ≥ 4.36.0 for stable remote bindings	Feature gates in the docs.
Next.js	v16 all minors/patches supported; latest minors of v14 and v15; v14 dropped Q1 2026	Stated on the overview page.
Worker size (gzip)	3 MiB Free / 10 MiB Paid (compressed only)	Hard Cloudflare limits.

Windows: not fully guaranteed (Next.js tooling issues). Use WSL, a Linux VM, or Linux/macOS CI. See known issue #1305.

Disambiguation: this skill vs nextjs

• nextjs skill → framework/App Router/Server Components/Cache Components patterns, any platform (Vercel, self-hosted, ...). Use for async params, proxy.ts migration, "use cache".
• THIS skill (cloudflare-nextjs) → deploying Next.js to Workers via the OpenNext adapter: wrangler.jsonc, open-next.config.ts, getCloudflareContext, caching tiers, bindings, skew protection, multi-worker, the Workers-specific errors.

proxy.ts caveat (Next 16): Next 16 renamed middleware.ts → proxy.ts, but @opennextjs/cloudflare does not recognize proxy.ts yet (issue #1277) — on Cloudflare, keep using middleware.ts. This is the one place the nextjs skill's guidance does NOT apply here.

Quick Start

New project (recommended)

npm create cloudflare@latest -- my-next-app --framework=next --platform=workers

C3 scaffolds a Next.js app, installs @opennextjs/cloudflare, creates wrangler.jsonc + open-next.config.ts + .dev.vars, wires package.json scripts, and (if R2 is enabled) creates an R2 bucket for caching.

Existing Next.js project (one command)

npx @opennextjs/cloudflare migrate

migrate automates: install adapter + wrangler, create wrangler.jsonc/open-next.config.ts/.dev.vars, update scripts, add public/_headers, add .open-next to .gitignore, wire initOpenNextCloudflareForDev() into next.config.ts, and create+configure an R2 cache bucket (only if R2 is enabled on the account).

<details><summary>Manual install (if you prefer not to run migrate)</summary>

npm install @opennextjs/cloudflare@latest
npm install --save-dev wrangler@latest

Then create the three files (see references/wrangler.jsonc, references/open-next.config.ts, references/package.json) and add the dev/preview/deploy/upload/cf-typegen scripts. Pin adapter versions and audit before upgrading — see the dependency-upgrade skill.

</details>

The four scripts

// package.json
{
  "dev":     "next dev",                                                       // fast HMR via Next dev server
  "preview": "opennextjs-cloudflare build && opennextjs-cloudflare preview",   // build + run in workerd locally
  "deploy":  "opennextjs-cloudflare build && opennextjs-cloudflare deploy",    // build + serve immediately
  "upload":  "opennextjs-cloudflare build && opennextjs-cloudflare upload",    // build + upload a version (gradual rollout)
  "cf-typegen": "wrangler types --env-interface CloudflareEnv cloudflare-env.d.ts"
}

• dev — fastest feedback loop; add initOpenNextCloudflareForDev() to next.config.ts so getCloudflareContext() works locally with simulated/remote bindings.
• preview — runs in the actual Workers runtime (not Node). Always run before deploy to catch runtime-only issues.
• deploy — populates the remote cache, then wrangler deploy. App serves immediately.
• upload — populates remote cache, then wrangler versions upload. Does NOT serve automatically; for gradual deployments.

build, preview, deploy, upload all implicitly call populateCache — you do not need to run it manually.

Dev next.config.ts

import type { NextConfig } from "next";
const nextConfig: NextConfig = { /* ... */ };
export default nextConfig;

import { initOpenNextCloudflareForDev } from "@opennextjs/cloudflare";
initOpenNextCloudflareForDev();

Accessing Cloudflare Bindings — getCloudflareContext()

Do NOT use process.env for bindings. The official API is getCloudflareContext() from @opennextjs/cloudflare.

import { getCloudflareContext } from "@opennextjs/cloudflare";

export async function GET() {
  const { env, cf, ctx } = getCloudflareContext();
  await env.MY_KV.put("foo", "bar");
  return new Response(await env.MY_KV.get("foo"));
}

Static routes (ISR/SSG) MUST use async mode — and be careful: secrets/local values are used during static generation.

const { env } = await getCloudflareContext({ async: true });

TypeScript types: npm run cf-typegen generates cloudflare-env.d.ts (re-run after any binding change).

Remote bindings (local dev → real resources): stabilized in Wrangler 4.36.0. On older wrangler, enable via initOpenNextCloudflareForDev({ experimental: { remoteBindings: true } }) and use the experimental_remote (not remote) key on binding options. Note: remote bindings are also used during build.

Full patterns (D1/R2/KV/AI/Hyperdrive, Drizzle, Prisma, Stripe) → references/bindings-and-services.md.

Caching — three components, three tiers

OpenNext's cache has three parts: Incremental Cache (storage), Queue (dedupe/revalidate), Tag Cache (on-demand revalidateTag/revalidatePath).

Site profile	Incremental	Queue	Tag Cache	When
SSG only (no revalidation)	staticAssetsIncrementalCache + enableCacheInterception: true	none	none	Fastest option; read-only
Small site (ISR/on-demand)	r2IncrementalCache	doQueue	d1NextTagCache	Low traffic; D1 tag cache
Large/high-traffic site	withRegionalCache(r2IncrementalCache, { mode: "long-lived" })	doQueue	doShardedTagCache({ baseShardSize: 12 }) + purgeCache({ type: "direct" })	DO-sharded; add cache purge if using on-demand

Reserved binding names (do not reuse): ASSETS, WORKER_SELF_REFERENCE, NEXT_INC_CACHE_R2_BUCKET, NEXT_CACHE_DO_QUEUE, NEXT_TAG_CACHE_D1, NEXT_TAG_CACHE_DO_SHARDED, NEXT_CACHE_DO_PURGE, IMAGES.

• Avoid Workers KV for incremental cache — eventually consistent, can persist stale data indefinitely.
• Cache interception + PPR: incompatible today; cache interception is NOT enabled by default and does not work with PPR.
• On-demand revalidation requires both a Tag Cache and the Cache Purge component (cache purge only works on a zone/custom domain; needs CACHE_PURGE_API_TOKEN + CACHE_PURGE_ZONE_ID secrets).
• Pages Router res.revalidate requires a self-reference service binding named WORKER_SELF_REFERENCE.
• Headers caveat: the Worker does not run in front of static assets, so next.config.ts headers() for public/ and immutable build files do not apply. Use public/_headers.

Deep dive (all options, env vars, regional modes, migration from 0.6) → references/caching.md and references/known-issues.md.

Common Integrations (condensed — full patterns in references)

• Drizzle + D1/Hyperdrive/PG, Prisma + D1/PG/Hyperdrive — request-scoped clients via cache() from react; maxUses: 1 on PG pools; getCloudflareContext({ async: true }) for ISR/SSG; Prisma needs previewFeatures = ["driverAdapters"], no output dir in schema.prisma, and serverExternalPackages: ["@prisma/client", ".prisma/client"]. → references/bindings-and-services.md
• Stripe — Workers have no node:https; pass httpClient: Stripe.createFetchHttpClient(). → references/bindings-and-services.md
• Image optimization — images.binding: "IMAGES" in wrangler.jsonc, or a custom loader (/cdn-cgi/image/...) for zones. minimumCacheTTL and dangerouslyAllowLocalIP are not supported; custom loader bypasses middleware and ignores remotePatterns. → references/advanced.md
• Env vars — use Next.js .env files (not just .dev.vars); NEXTJS_ENV in .dev.vars selects the env; --keep-vars on deploy; secrets are write-only. → references/dev-deploy-and-env.md
• Custom worker (add scheduled, Durable Object exports) — point main at your worker that re-exports the generated fetch handler. → references/advanced.md
• Multi-worker (split middleware from server) — reduces per-worker memory + cold starts; incompatible with preview URLs, skew protection, and @opennextjs/cloudflare deploy. → references/advanced.md
• Skew protection (preview-URL-based version matching) — cloudflare.skewProtection.enabled, run_worker_first: true, getDeploymentId(), env vars CF_WORKER_NAME/CF_PREVIEW_DOMAIN/CF_WORKERS_SCRIPTS_API_TOKEN/CF_ACCOUNT_ID. Disabled for Workers with a Durable Object (move DOs to a separate worker). → references/advanced.md

Top Errors (full catalog → references/error-catalog-extended.md)

1. Worker size limit exceeded

"Your Worker exceeded the size limit of 3 MiB" (Free) / "10 MiB" (Paid). Only gzip size counts. Free → upgrade to Paid. Paid → analyze bundle: npx @opennextjs/cloudflare build, then inspect .open-next/server-functions/default/handler.mjs.meta.json (visualize with ESBuild Bundle Analyzer); remove unused deps, use dynamic imports.

2. Cannot perform I/O on behalf of a different request

Global DB client (e.g. postgres, pg Pool) reused across requests. Create the client inside the request handler (or use cache() from react), and maxUses: 1 for PG pools.

3. NPM package import / "Could not resolve <package>"

Enable nodejs_compat, ensure compatibility_date ≥ 2024-09-23. Some packages ship a workerd export — add them to serverExternalPackages in next.config.ts (e.g. @prisma/client, .prisma/client, postgres, jose, react-textarea-autosize, @libsql/isomorphic-ws). Or set .env: WRANGLER_BUILD_CONDITIONS="" + WRANGLER_BUILD_PLATFORM="node".

4. SSRF (CVE-2025-6087) — versions < 1.3.0

/_next/image SSRF. Upgrade immediately: @opennextjs/cloudflare@^1.3.0 (current: ^1.18.1).

5. Failed to load chunk server/chunks/ssr/<name>.js

Outdated adapter with Turbopack builds. Upgrade @opennextjs/cloudflare to latest, or switch to webpack (next build without --turbo).

6. ReferenceError: FinalizationRegistry is not defined

compatibility_date too old. Set "compatibility_date": "2025-05-05" (or later) in wrangler.jsonc.

7. Uncaught ReferenceError: __name is not defined

Wrangler's esbuild keep-names injects __name into generated script strings that some libs (e.g. next-themes) eval at runtime. Set "keep_names": false in wrangler.jsonc (requires Wrangler ≥ 4.13.0). You lose original function names in debugging.

8. "Failed to send request to R2 worker" / 403 during populateCache remote

Account protected by Cloudflare Access blocks the open-next-cache-populate helper worker. Do not create a separate Access app for it; add a Service Auth policy (Include = Any Access Service Token) to the existing app covering *.<account>.workers.dev, create a service token, and export CLOUDFLARE_ACCESS_CLIENT_ID / CLOUDFLARE_ACCESS_CLIENT_SECRET.

Known Open Bugs (live tracker)

Always check the issue tracker — these are recurring at the time of writing:

#	Bug	Workaround
#1171	v1.18.0 breaks R2 cache population (pinned)	Pin to 1.17.x or upgrade past the fix
#1277	proxy.js not supported — Next 16 proxy.ts rename breaks routing	Keep middleware.ts on Cloudflare
#1130 / #1225	cacheComponents: true crashes (Unexpected identifier '$' / Connection closed)	Disable cacheComponents
#1321	Intermittent React hydration mismatch (~9% of loads)	—
#1322 / #1214	Hyperdrive + pg / @prisma/adapter-pg bundling failure	—
#1315	Time-based fetch-cache revalidation silently no-ops on Next 16 (deployed)	—
#1305	Windows + Turbopack routes 500	Use Linux/macOS or webpack
#1317	@cf-wasm/photon Turbopack build fails (raw .wasm)	Use webpack
#1326	Webpack chunk inlining misses named chunks → Unknown chunk N	—
#617	Node middleware (Next 15.2+) unsupported (feature request)	Use standard middleware

Full tracker: https://github.com/opennextjs/opennextjs-cloudflare/issues

Feature Support

Feature	Status	Notes
App Router, Pages Router, Route Handlers, Dynamic routes	✅	Full
React Server Components, Server Actions	✅	Full
SSG, SSR, ISR	✅	Full
Middleware	✅	Except Node middleware (Next 15.2+, issue #617)
Image optimization	✅	Via Cloudflare Images (binding or custom loader)
Partial Prerendering (PPR)	✅	But cache interception + PPR incompatible today
Composable Caching ('use cache'), after	✅
Turbopack	✅	But see #1305, #1317, #1326 — webpack is safer
Edge Runtime	❌	Node runtime only; remove runtime = "edge"
Node Middleware (15.2+)	❌	#617

Related Skills

Skill	Use for
nextjs	Next.js framework/App Router patterns on any platform (the proxy.ts/cache/Server Components reference)
cloudflare-workers	Generic Workers patterns; framework decision tree (Hono vs OpenNext)
drizzle-orm-d1	Drizzle + D1 deep dive (note: OpenNext must not bundle Wrangler — see its error catalog)
cloudflare-r2 / cloudflare-kv / cloudflare-d1	Service-specific deep dives
dependency-upgrade	Pinning/auditing @opennextjs/cloudflare (production traffic)

When to Load References

File	Load when
references/caching.md	Choosing/configuring incremental/queue/tag cache, regional cache, cache purge
references/bindings-and-services.md	Integrating D1/R2/KV/AI/Hyperdrive, Drizzle/Prisma request-scoped clients, Stripe
references/dev-deploy-and-env.md	Setting up dev/preview/deploy, Workers Builds CI, env vars/secrets
references/advanced.md	Custom worker, multi-worker, skew protection, static assets, keep_names, workerd packages, image optimization
references/known-issues.md	DO build warnings, migrating 0.6 → 1.0.0-beta
references/error-catalog-extended.md	Any error beyond the top 8 above
references/troubleshooting.md	Step-by-step debugging + profiling/minification
references/feature-support.md	Detailed feature compatibility matrix
references/wrangler.jsonc	Small-site and large-site wrangler templates (all reserved bindings)
references/open-next.config.ts	The three caching tiers as runnable configs
references/database-client-example.ts	Request-scoped DB client patterns
references/package.json	Reference scripts + versions

Sources

• Overview — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare
• Get started — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/get-started
• CLI — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/cli
• Bindings — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/bindings
• Caching — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/caching
• How-to: Stripe — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/stripeAPI
• How-to: DB — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/db
• How-to: Dev/deploy — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/dev-deploy
• How-to: Env vars — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/env-vars
• How-to: Image — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/image
• How-to: Custom worker — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/custom-worker
• How-to: keep_names — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/keep_names
• How-to: workerd — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/workerd
• How-to: Skew protection — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/skew
• How-to: Assets — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/assets
• How-to: Multi-worker — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/howtos/multi-worker
• Performance — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/perf
• Known issues — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/known-issues
• Troubleshooting — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/troubleshooting
• Migration 0.6 → 1.0.0-beta — https://opennext.js.org/cloudflare/migrate-from-0.6-to-1.0.0-beta
• Open issues — https://github.com/opennextjs/opennextjs-cloudflare/issues

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Version: @opennextjs/cloudflare ^1.18.1 · Next.js 14/15/16 · Wrangler ≥ 3.99.0 · compatibility_date ≥ 2025-05-05 Last Verified: 2026-08-05