docker-compose

Docker Compose Skill

Installation

The skill invokes docker compose. Easiest: install Docker Desktop (includes Docker Engine + Compose):

• Windows: Docker Desktop for Windows (WSL 2 or Hyper-V)
• Mac: Docker Desktop for Mac (Apple Silicon or Intel)
• Linux: Docker Desktop for Linux or Docker Engine + Compose plugin from Docker's repo

Verify: docker compose version

Cheat Sheet & Best Practices

Commands: docker compose up -d / down; docker compose ps / logs -f <service>; docker compose exec <service> sh; docker compose build --no-cache; docker compose -f compose.prod.yaml config — validate.

YAML: Use named volumes for DBs (postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data). Use healthchecks (healthcheck: with test, interval, timeout, retries). One network default; reference services by name (e.g. http://api:3000). Use env_file or environment; keep secrets in secrets:.

Hacks: -f compose.yaml -f override.yaml merges files (later overrides). Use --project-name for isolation. Prefer build: context: . dockerfile: Dockerfile for dev; pin image tags in prod. Run docker compose config before up to catch errors.

Certifications & Training

Docker Certified Associate (DCA): Orchestration 25%, Image/Registry 20%, Install/Config 15%, Networking 15%, Security 15%, Storage 10%. Free: Official DCA Study Guide, Coursera DCA Prep (audit). Skill data: Compose YAML (services, volumes, networks, healthchecks), CLI (up/down/ps/logs/exec).

Hooks & Workflows

Suggested hooks: Pre-up: docker compose config (validate). Post-down: optional cleanup. Use when devops or devops-troubleshooter is routed.

Workflows: Use with devops (primary), devops-troubleshooter (primary). Flow: validate compose → up/down/exec per task. See operations/incident-response for container debugging.

Overview

This skill provides comprehensive Docker Compose management, enabling AI agents to orchestrate multi-container applications, manage services, inspect logs, and troubleshoot containerized environments with progressive disclosure for optimal context usage.

Context Savings: ~92% reduction

• MCP Mode: ~25,000 tokens always loaded (multiple tools + schemas)
• Skill Mode: ~700 tokens metadata + on-demand loading

When to Use

• Managing local development environments
• Orchestrating multi-container applications
• Debugging service connectivity and networking
• Monitoring container logs and health
• Building and updating service images
• Testing containerized application stacks
• Troubleshooting service failures
• Managing application lifecycle (start, stop, restart)

Requirements

• Docker Engine installed and running
• Docker Compose V2 (docker compose plugin — V1 docker-compose is end-of-life)
• Valid compose.yaml (preferred) or compose.yml / docker-compose.yml in project
• Appropriate permissions for Docker socket access

Quick Reference

# List running services
docker compose ps

# View service logs
docker compose logs <service>

# Start services
docker compose up -d

# Stop services
docker compose down

# Rebuild services
docker compose build

# Execute command in container
docker compose exec <service> <command>

# Live development reloading (Compose Watch)
docker compose watch

# Start with a profile active
docker compose --profile debug up -d

# Validate merged config
docker compose config

2026 Feature Highlights

compose.yaml — Canonical Filename

Docker Compose V2 prefers compose.yaml (and compose.yml) over the legacy docker-compose.yml. The version: top-level field is deprecated and should be omitted entirely in new files.

# compose.yaml  (preferred — no version: field needed)
services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - '8080:80'
  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: example
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

volumes:
  postgres_data:

Compose Watch — Live Development Reloading

Compose Watch (GA as of Compose 2.22+) replaces the manual rebuild-restart cycle during development. Configure a develop.watch block per service. Three actions are available:

Action	Behavior
sync	Instantly copies changed files into the running container
rebuild	Triggers docker compose build + recreates the container
sync+restart	Syncs files then restarts the container process (no full rebuild)

services:
  api:
    build: .
    ports:
      - '3000:3000'
    develop:
      watch:
        # Sync source instantly — no rebuild needed for interpreted code
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
          ignore:
            - node_modules/
        # Rebuild when dependency manifest changes
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
        # Restart only when config changes
        - action: sync+restart
          path: ./config
          target: /app/config

Start with:

# Watch mode (keeps output in foreground)
docker compose watch

# Or combined with up
docker compose up --watch

When to use each action:

• sync — interpreted languages (Node.js, Python, Ruby) where the runtime picks up changes
• sync+restart — config or template files that require a process restart but not a full rebuild
• rebuild — dependency manifest changes (package.json, requirements.txt, go.mod)

Profiles — Environment-Specific Services

Profiles allow a single compose.yaml to serve multiple environments. Services without a profile always start. Services with profiles only start when that profile is activated.

services:
  # Always starts — no profile
  api:
    build: .
    ports:
      - '3000:3000'
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy

  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'pg_isready -U postgres']
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 5
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

  # Only with --profile debug
  pgadmin:
    image: dpage/pgadmin4:latest
    profiles: ['debug']
    ports:
      - '5050:80'
    environment:
      PGADMIN_DEFAULT_EMAIL: admin@admin.com
      PGADMIN_DEFAULT_PASSWORD: admin

  # Only with --profile monitoring
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus:latest
    profiles: ['monitoring']
    ports:
      - '9090:9090'

  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana:latest
    profiles: ['monitoring']
    ports:
      - '3001:3000'

volumes:
  db_data:

# Default: api + db only
docker compose up -d

# Debug: api + db + pgadmin
docker compose --profile debug up -d

# Monitoring: api + db + prometheus + grafana
docker compose --profile monitoring up -d

# Multiple profiles
docker compose --profile debug --profile monitoring up -d

# Via environment variable
COMPOSE_PROFILES=debug,monitoring docker compose up -d

Profile naming rules: [a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+ — lowercase kebab-case recommended.

Include — Composable Configs

The include top-level key (introduced in Compose 2.20) allows you to split large compose files into modular, team-owned pieces. Each included file is loaded with its own project directory context, resolving relative paths correctly.

# compose.yaml (root — application layer)
include:
  - ./infra/compose.yaml # DB, Redis, message broker
  - ./monitoring/compose.yaml # Prometheus, Grafana

services:
  api:
    build: .
    depends_on:
      - db # defined in infra/compose.yaml
      - redis # defined in infra/compose.yaml

# infra/compose.yaml (infrastructure layer — owned by platform team)
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'pg_isready -U postgres']
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 5
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD', 'redis-cli', 'ping']
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  db_data:

include is recursive — included files can themselves include other files. Conflicts between resource names cause an error (no silent merging).

Healthcheck Best Practices

Always define healthchecks on stateful services so that depends_on: condition: service_healthy works correctly. Without healthchecks, dependent services may start before their dependency is ready.

services:
  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'pg_isready -U ${POSTGRES_USER:-postgres}']
      interval: 10s # How often to check
      timeout: 5s # Time to wait for response
      retries: 5 # Failures before marking unhealthy
      start_period: 30s # Grace period during container startup

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD', 'redis-cli', 'ping']
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 3

  api:
    build: .
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy # waits until db passes healthcheck
      redis:
        condition: service_healthy

Healthcheck guidelines:

• Use CMD (array form) not CMD-SHELL (string form) where possible — avoids shell injection risk
• Use CMD-SHELL only when you need shell features (pg_isready, curl -f, etc.)
• Set start_period for services with slow startup (JVM apps, first-run migrations)
• Avoid curl in Alpine-based images unless explicitly installed; prefer wget -q --spider or native checks
• For HTTP services: test: ["CMD-SHELL", "wget -q --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1"]

Multi-Stage Build Pattern

Use multi-stage Dockerfiles to keep production images minimal and secure. Reference the specific build stage in compose.yaml for development.

# Dockerfile
# Stage 1: deps — install dependencies
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci

# Stage 2: builder — compile/transpile
FROM deps AS builder
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 3: runner — minimal production image
FROM node:20-alpine AS runner
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S appgroup && adduser -S -u 1001 -G appgroup appuser
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=deps    --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/node_modules ./node_modules
USER appuser
EXPOSE 3000
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=5s --retries=3 \
  CMD wget -q --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

# compose.yaml — dev targets the builder stage for faster iteration
services:
  api:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
      target: builder # Stop at builder stage in dev (includes devDeps)
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
          ignore:
            - node_modules/
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json

# compose.prod.yaml — production uses the full runner stage
services:
  api:
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Dockerfile
      target: runner # Minimal, non-root production image
    restart: unless-stopped

Resource Limits (Best Practice)

Always define resource limits to prevent container resource exhaustion:

services:
  api:
    image: myapp:latest
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '1.0'
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.25'
          memory: 128M
    restart: unless-stopped

Tools

The skill provides 15 tools across service management, monitoring, build operations, and troubleshooting categories:

Service Management (5 tools)

up

Start services defined in compose.yaml.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
detached	boolean	Run in detached mode	true
build	boolean	Build images before starting	false
force_recreate	boolean	Recreate containers	false
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name
services	array	Specific services to start	all services
profiles	array	Profiles to activate	none
watch	boolean	Enable Compose Watch mode	false

Example:

docker compose up -d
docker compose up --build
docker compose up web api
docker compose --profile debug up -d
docker compose up --watch

Safety: Requires confirmation for production environments.

down

Stop and remove containers, networks, volumes.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
volumes	boolean	Remove volumes (BLOCKED)	false
remove_orphans	boolean	Remove orphaned containers	false
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose down
docker compose down --remove-orphans

Safety: Volume removal (-v flag) is BLOCKED by default. Requires confirmation.

start

Start existing containers without recreating them.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
services	array	Specific services to start	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose start
docker compose start web

stop

Stop running containers without removing them.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
timeout	number	Shutdown timeout (seconds)	10
services	array	Specific services to stop	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose stop
docker compose stop --timeout 30 web

restart

Restart services (stop + start).

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
timeout	number	Shutdown timeout (seconds)	10
services	array	Specific services to restart	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose restart
docker compose restart api

Status & Logs (3 tools)

ps

List containers with status information.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
all	boolean	Show all containers (including stopped)	false
services	array	Filter by services	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose ps
docker compose ps --all

Output Fields: NAME, IMAGE, STATUS, PORTS

logs

View service logs with streaming support.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
services	array	Services to view logs for	all services
follow	boolean	Follow log output (stream)	false
tail	number	Number of lines to show	100
timestamps	boolean	Show timestamps	false
since	string	Show logs since timestamp/duration	none
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose logs web
docker compose logs --tail 50 --follow api
docker compose logs --since "2026-01-01T10:00:00"

Note: Follow mode automatically terminates after 60 seconds to prevent indefinite streaming.

top

Display running processes in containers.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
services	array	Services to inspect	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose top
docker compose top web

Output: Process list with PID, USER, TIME, COMMAND

Build & Images (3 tools)

build

Build or rebuild service images.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
no_cache	boolean	Build without cache	false
pull	boolean	Pull newer image versions	false
parallel	boolean	Build in parallel	true
services	array	Services to build	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose build
docker compose build --no-cache web
docker compose build --pull

Safety: Requires confirmation for no-cache builds (resource-intensive).

pull

Pull service images from registry.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
ignore_pull_failures	boolean	Continue if pull fails	false
services	array	Services to pull	all services
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose pull
docker compose pull web api

Safety: Requires confirmation for production environments.

images

List images used by services.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose images

Output Fields: CONTAINER, REPOSITORY, TAG, IMAGE ID, SIZE

Execution (2 tools)

exec

Execute a command in a running container.

Parameter	Type	Description	Required
service	string	Service name	Yes
command	array	Command to execute	Yes
user	string	User to execute as	container default
workdir	string	Working directory	container default
env	object	Environment variables	none
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose exec web bash
docker compose exec -u root api ls -la /app
docker compose exec db psql -U postgres

Safety:

• Destructive commands (rm -rf, dd, mkfs) are BLOCKED
• Root user execution requires confirmation
• Default timeout: 30 seconds

run

Run a one-off command in a new container.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
service	string	Service to run	Required
command	array	Command to execute	service default
rm	boolean	Remove container after run	true
no_deps	boolean	Don't start linked services	false
user	string	User to execute as	container default
env	object	Environment variables	none
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose run --rm web npm test
docker compose run --no-deps api python manage.py migrate

Safety: Requires confirmation for commands that modify data.

Configuration (2 tools)

config

Validate and view the Compose file configuration.

Parameter	Type	Description	Default
resolve_image_digests	boolean	Pin image tags to digests	false
no_interpolate	boolean	Don't interpolate env vars	false
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose config
docker compose config --resolve-image-digests

Output: Parsed and merged Compose configuration

port

Print the public port binding for a service port.

Parameter	Type	Description	Required
service	string	Service name	Yes
private_port	number	Container port	Yes
protocol	string	Protocol (tcp/udp)	tcp
project_name	string	Project name override	directory name

Example:

docker compose port web 80
docker compose port db 5432

Output: <host>:<port> binding

Common Workflows

Start a Development Environment

# 1. Validate configuration
docker compose config

# 2. Pull latest images
docker compose pull

# 3. Build custom images
docker compose build

# 4. Start services in detached mode
docker compose up -d

# 5. Check service status
docker compose ps

# 6. View logs
docker compose logs --tail 100

Live Development with Compose Watch

# 1. Ensure develop.watch blocks are configured in compose.yaml

# 2. Start with watch mode (foreground, shows sync events)
docker compose watch

# 3. Or start detached then watch
docker compose up -d
docker compose watch --no-up

Troubleshoot a Failing Service

# 1. Check container status
docker compose ps --all

# 2. View service logs
docker compose logs --tail 200 failing-service

# 3. Inspect running processes
docker compose top failing-service

# 4. Check configuration
docker compose config

# 5. Restart the service
docker compose restart failing-service

# 6. If needed, recreate container
docker compose up -d --force-recreate failing-service

Update Service Images

# 1. Pull latest images
docker compose pull

# 2. Stop services
docker compose down

# 3. Rebuild if using custom Dockerfiles
docker compose build --pull

# 4. Start with new images
docker compose up -d

# 5. Verify services
docker compose ps

Debug Service Connectivity

# 1. Check running services
docker compose ps

# 2. Inspect port mappings
docker compose port web 80
docker compose port api 3000

# 3. Exec into container
docker compose exec web sh

# 4. Test connectivity (from inside container)
docker compose exec web curl api:3000/health

# 5. Check logs for errors
docker compose logs web api

Clean Up Environment

# 1. Stop all services
docker compose down

# 2. Remove orphaned containers
docker compose down --remove-orphans

# 3. View images
docker compose images

# 4. Clean up (manual - volume removal BLOCKED)
# Volumes require manual cleanup with explicit confirmation

Use Profiles for Environment-Specific Services

# Development: default services only
docker compose up -d

# Development + debug tools
docker compose --profile debug up -d

# Start monitoring stack
docker compose --profile monitoring up -d

# Via env var (useful in CI)
COMPOSE_PROFILES=monitoring docker compose up -d

# Stop and clean a specific profile
docker compose --profile debug down

Configuration

Environment Variables

Variable	Description	Default
COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME	Default project name	directory name
COMPOSE_FILE	Compose file path	compose.yaml
COMPOSE_PROFILES	Comma-separated active profiles	(none)
COMPOSE_PATH_SEPARATOR	Path separator for multiple files	: (Linux/Mac), ; (Windows)
DOCKER_HOST	Docker daemon socket	unix:///var/run/docker.sock
COMPOSE_HTTP_TIMEOUT	HTTP timeout for API calls	60
COMPOSE_PARALLEL_LIMIT	Max parallel operations	unlimited

Setup

1. Install Docker Engine:

   # macOS
   brew install --cask docker
   
   # Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)
   sudo apt-get update
   sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-compose-plugin
   
   # Windows
   # Download Docker Desktop from docker.com
   

2. Verify Docker Compose:

   # Check Docker version
   docker --version
   
   # Check Compose version (must be V2, e.g. 2.24+)
   docker compose version
   

3. Create compose.yaml (no version: field — V2 does not require it):

   services:
     web:
       build: .
       ports:
         - '8080:80'
       depends_on:
         db:
           condition: service_healthy
     db:
       image: postgres:16-alpine
       environment:
         POSTGRES_PASSWORD: example
       healthcheck:
         test: ['CMD-SHELL', 'pg_isready -U postgres']
         interval: 10s
         timeout: 5s
         retries: 5
   

4. Test the skill:

   docker compose config
   docker compose ps
   

Safety Features

Blocked Operations

The following operations are BLOCKED by default to prevent accidental data loss:

• Volume removal: docker compose down -v (BLOCKED - requires manual confirmation)
• Full cleanup: docker compose down -v --rmi all (BLOCKED - extremely destructive)
• Destructive exec: rm -rf, dd, mkfs, sudo rm inside containers (BLOCKED)
• Force removal: docker compose rm -f (BLOCKED - use stop then rm)

Confirmation Required

These operations require explicit confirmation:

• Building with --no-cache (resource-intensive)
• Pulling images in production environments
• Starting services with --force-recreate
• Executing commands as root user
• Running commands that modify databases
• Stopping services with very short timeouts

Auto-Terminating Operations

The following operations auto-terminate to prevent resource issues:

• Log following (--follow): 60-second timeout
• Service execution (exec): 30-second timeout
• One-off commands (run): 60-second timeout

Error Handling

Common Errors:

Error	Cause	Fix
docker: command not found	Docker not installed	Install Docker Engine
Cannot connect to Docker daemon	Docker not running	Start Docker service
network ... not found	Network cleanup issue	Run docker compose down then up
port is already allocated	Port conflict	Change port mapping or stop conflicting service
no configuration file provided	Missing compose file	Create compose.yaml
service ... must be built	Image not built	Run docker compose build
service unhealthy	Healthcheck failing	Check docker compose logs <service>
include path not found	Missing included file	Verify paths in include: block

Recovery:

• Validate configuration: docker compose config
• Check Docker status: docker info
• View service logs: docker compose logs
• Force recreate: docker compose up -d --force-recreate
• Clean restart: docker compose down && docker compose up -d

Integration with Agents

This skill integrates with the following agents:

Primary Agents

• devops: Local development, CI/CD integration, container orchestration
• developer: Application development, testing, debugging

Secondary Agents

• qa: Integration testing, test environment setup
• incident-responder: Debugging production issues, service recovery
• cloud-integrator: Cloud deployment, migration to Kubernetes
• performance-engineer: Performance testing, resource optimization

Progressive Disclosure

The skill uses progressive disclosure to minimize context usage:

1. Initial Load: Only metadata and tool names (~700 tokens)
2. Tool Invocation: Specific tool schema loaded on-demand (~100-150 tokens)
3. Result Streaming: Large outputs (logs) streamed incrementally
4. Context Cleanup: Old results cleared after use

Context Optimization:

• Use --tail to limit log output
• Use service filters to target specific containers
• Prefer ps over ps --all for active services only
• Use --since for time-bounded log queries

Troubleshooting

Skill Issues

Docker Compose not found:

# Check Docker Compose version
docker compose version

# V1 (docker-compose) is end-of-life — upgrade to V2
# Docker Compose V2 is integrated into Docker CLI as a plugin

Permission denied:

# Add user to docker group (Linux)
sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
newgrp docker

# Verify permissions
docker ps

Compose file issues:

# Validate syntax
docker compose config

# Check for errors (quiet mode — exit code only)
docker compose config -q

# View resolved configuration
docker compose config --resolve-image-digests

Network issues:

# List networks
docker network ls

# Remove unused networks
docker network prune

# Recreate services
docker compose down
docker compose up -d

Healthcheck failures:

# Inspect healthcheck status
docker inspect <container_id> | grep -A 10 Health

# View healthcheck output
docker compose logs <service>

# Manually run the healthcheck command
docker compose exec <service> pg_isready -U postgres

Compose Watch not syncing:

# Verify develop.watch block is present in compose.yaml
docker compose config | grep -A 20 develop

# Ensure Compose version is 2.22+
docker compose version

# Watch requires build: attribute (not image: only)

Performance Considerations

• Build caching: Use layer caching for faster builds; avoid --no-cache unless necessary
• Multi-stage builds: Dramatically reduce production image size (often 80%+)
• Parallel operations: Docker Compose V2 parallelizes by default; use COMPOSE_PARALLEL_LIMIT to control
• Resource limits: Define CPU/memory limits in compose file to prevent resource exhaustion
• Log rotation: Use logging drivers to prevent disk space issues
• Volume cleanup: Regularly clean unused volumes (requires manual confirmation)
• Compose Watch vs bind mounts: Prefer develop.watch for cross-platform development; bind mounts have I/O performance issues on macOS/Windows

Related

• Docker Compose Documentation: https://docs.docker.com/compose/
• Compose File Reference: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/
• Compose Watch Docs: https://docs.docker.com/compose/how-tos/file-watch/
• Compose Profiles Docs: https://docs.docker.com/compose/how-tos/profiles/
• Compose Include Docs: https://docs.docker.com/compose/how-tos/multiple-compose-files/include/
• Docker CLI: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/cli/
• Kubernetes Migration: .claude/skills/kubernetes-flux/ (Kubernetes orchestration)

Sources

• Docker Compose Documentation
• Docker Compose V2
• Compose Specification
• Docker Best Practices
• Use Compose Watch
• Use Compose Profiles
• Compose Include Directive

Related Skills

• cloud-devops-expert - Cloud platforms (AWS, GCP, Azure) and Terraform infrastructure

Iron Laws

1. ALWAYS use docker compose (V2 plugin) — never use docker-compose (V1 standalone), which is deprecated and will be removed.
2. NEVER include secrets or credentials directly in compose files or committed .env files — use external secret management or .env.example templates for documentation only.
3. ALWAYS define health checks on services that other services depend on — without health checks, dependent services start before their dependencies are actually ready.
4. NEVER expose a service port to the host unless it must be accessed from outside the compose network — unnecessary host port exposure increases attack surface.
5. ALWAYS specify resource limits (CPU and memory) on services intended for production — unlimited containers can starve other services and crash the host.

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern	Why It Fails	Correct Approach
Using docker-compose V1 command	V1 is deprecated; missing V2 features (profiles, merge, watch) and will be removed	Use docker compose (space, not hyphen); verify docker compose version
Hardcoded secrets in compose file	Secrets committed to git are permanently exposed in history	Use environment variable references (${SECRET}) loaded from untracked .env
No health checks on database/cache services	App containers start before DB is ready; causes startup race conditions and crashes	Add healthcheck: with appropriate test commands; use depends_on: condition: service_healthy
Exposing all ports to host (0.0.0.0)	Services accessible from any network interface including public interfaces	Bind to 127.0.0.1 for dev; use internal networks for service-to-service communication
No restart policy	Containers stay down after crash or host reboot in production	Use restart: unless-stopped for services that should auto-recover

Memory Protocol (MANDATORY)

Before starting: Read .claude/context/memory/learnings.md

After completing:

• New pattern -> .claude/context/memory/learnings.md
• Issue found -> .claude/context/memory/issues.md
• Decision made -> .claude/context/memory/decisions.md

ASSUME INTERRUPTION: If it's not in memory, it didn't happen.