near-cli-rs

SKILL: near-cli-rs — NEAR Protocol CLI Reference for AI Agents

Purpose: This file is for LLMs generating non-interactive near commands. When a user request maps to a CLI action, look up the correct syntax here, construct the complete one-liner, show it to the user for approval, then execute it.

Rule: Always produce complete commands from near through the final action token (send, display, now, create, etc.). Never omit network-config <NETWORK>.

Version: near-cli-rs v0.14+ (tested through v0.30.x, 2026-09)

Sources: near/near-cli-rs · Releases · docs.near.org/tools/cli

Changes Since v0.24 (v0.25–v0.30.x)

Newer CLI versions changed behavior worth knowing when generating commands:

• Gas keys (nearcore 2.13+): transactions can be signed with a gas key; signing prompts a nonce_index selection. near transaction sign-message also supports gas-key signing.
• Post-quantum keys (draft): ML-DSA-65 keys can be generated in v0.28+ (ml-dsa-65: key format); pubkey display includes ml-dsa-65-hash. Experimental — usually stick with ed25519.
• Removed: the standalone generate-keypair command (use account import-account with a locally generated key instead).
• New commands: tokens send-ft-call (ft_transfer_call on the tokens subcommand); account import-account works non-interactively against an existing account; contract state-init initializes a new contract's state at deploy time.
• Defaults changed: function-call gas limits updated to 1000 TGas; contract-surface FT listing improved (view FTs for all contracts in an account, not only a hardcoded list).
• Global-hash deployment is retry-safe; beneficiary account is validated before account delete-account.

Verify exact syntax with near --help / near <group> <subcommand> --help if your CLI version disagrees with a generated command here.

---

Command Grammar

near [GLOBAL_FLAGS] <COMMAND_GROUP> [ENTITY_ARGS] <SUBCOMMAND> [SUB_ARGS] network-config <NETWORK> [SIGNING_OPTION] [FINAL_ACTION]

• View commands end with: now | at-block-height <N> | at-block-hash <HASH>
• Transaction commands end with a signing option followed by send or display
• Account creation via faucet ends with create
• network-config keyword is always required (even for view commands)

---

Global Flags

Flag	Effect
--offline	Create/sign tx without network access
--quiet	Suppress progress output (recommended for scripting)
--teach-me	Print all RPC calls and their parameters

---

Networks and View Qualifiers

Item	Value
Built-in networks	mainnet, testnet
Custom network	any <connection-name> from near config show-connections
View: latest block	now
View: specific height	at-block-height <BLOCK_HEIGHT>
View: specific hash	at-block-hash <BLOCK_HASH>

---

Amount and Gas Formats

Asset	Format	Notes
NEAR	'1 NEAR' or '0.5 NEAR'	Quoted, space before unit
yoctoNEAR	'1 yoctoNEAR'	Required deposit for many contract calls
Gas	'30 Tgas' to '300 Tgas'	Default '100 Tgas', max '300 Tgas'
FT amount	'10 usn'	Number + FT symbol, quoted
FT all	all	Transfer entire balance

---

Signing Options Reference

Replace <SIGNING_OPTION> in any transaction command with one of:

Option	Full syntax
OS keychain (recommended)	sign-with-keychain send
Legacy keychain (~/.near-credentials/)	sign-with-legacy-keychain send
Ledger hardware wallet	sign-with-ledger send
Plaintext private key	sign-with-plaintext-private-key --signer-public-key ed25519:<PUBKEY> --signer-private-key ed25519:<PRIVKEY> send
Access key file	sign-with-access-key-file /path/to/key.json send
Seed phrase	sign-with-seed-phrase 'word1 ... word12' --seed-phrase-hd-path 'm/44'"'"'/397'"'"'/0'"'"'' send
MPC	sign-with-mpc send
Produce unsigned tx (sign later)	sign-later

Replace send with display to print the signed transaction in base64 without broadcasting.

---

account Commands

view-account-summary

# Current block
near account view-account-summary <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

# Specific block height
near account view-account-summary <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> at-block-height <BLOCK_HEIGHT>

# Specific block hash
near account view-account-summary <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> at-block-hash <BLOCK_HASH>

import-account

# Using seed phrase (non-interactive)
near account import-account using-seed-phrase '<SEED_PHRASE>' --seed-phrase-hd-path 'm/44'"'"'/397'"'"'/0'"'"'' network-config <NETWORK>

# Using private key
near account import-account using-private-key ed25519:<PRIVATE_KEY> network-config <NETWORK>

# NOTE: using-web-wallet requires a browser redirect — not suitable for non-interactive use

export-account

# Export as seed phrase
near account export-account <ACCOUNT_ID> using-seed-phrase network-config <NETWORK>

# Export as private key
near account export-account <ACCOUNT_ID> using-private-key network-config <NETWORK>

create-account

# Testnet faucet (testnet only) — autogenerate keypair
near account create-account sponsor-by-faucet-service <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain network-config testnet create

# Testnet faucet — use known seed phrase
near account create-account sponsor-by-faucet-service <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> use-manually-provided-seed-phrase '<SEED_PHRASE>' network-config testnet create

# Testnet faucet — use known public key
near account create-account sponsor-by-faucet-service <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> use-manually-provided-public-key ed25519:<PUBKEY> network-config testnet create

# Fund-myself: create sub-account (signer is implicit from keychain)
near account create-account fund-myself <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> '<INITIAL_BALANCE>' autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain sign-as network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Fund-myself: create account specifying explicit signer
near account create-account fund-myself <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> '<INITIAL_BALANCE>' autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Fund-myself: use known seed phrase for new account
near account create-account fund-myself <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> '<INITIAL_BALANCE>' use-manually-provided-seed-phrase '<SEED_PHRASE>' sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Fund-myself: use known public key for new account
near account create-account fund-myself <NEW_ACCOUNT_ID> '<INITIAL_BALANCE>' use-manually-provided-public-key ed25519:<PUBKEY> sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

delete-account

near account delete-account <ACCOUNT_ID> beneficiary <BENEFICIARY_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

list-keys

near account list-keys <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

get-public-key

# From seed phrase
near account get-public-key from-seed-phrase '<SEED_PHRASE>' --seed-phrase-hd-path "m/44'/397'/0'"

# From plaintext private key
near account get-public-key from-plaintext-private-key ed25519:<PRIVATE_KEY>

# From OS keychain
near account get-public-key from-keychain <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK>

# From legacy keychain
near account get-public-key from-legacy-keychain <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK>

# From Ledger (requires 5-component path)
near account get-public-key from-ledger --seed-phrase-hd-path "m/44'/397'/0'/0'/1'"

add-key

# Add full-access key (provide existing public key)
near account add-key <ACCOUNT_ID> grant-full-access use-manually-provided-public-key ed25519:<PUBKEY> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Add function-call-only key (autogenerate keypair)
near account add-key <ACCOUNT_ID> grant-function-call-access --allowance '<ALLOWANCE>' --contract-account-id <CONTRACT_ID> --function-names '<METHOD1>, <METHOD2>' autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Add function-call-only key (allow all methods on contract)
near account add-key <ACCOUNT_ID> grant-function-call-access --allowance '<ALLOWANCE>' --contract-account-id <CONTRACT_ID> --function-names '' use-manually-provided-public-key ed25519:<PUBKEY> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

delete-keys

near account delete-keys <ACCOUNT_ID> public-keys ed25519:<PUBKEY> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

manage-storage-deposit

# View storage balance
near account manage-storage-deposit <CONTRACT_ID> view-balance <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

# Deposit storage
near account manage-storage-deposit <CONTRACT_ID> deposit <ACCOUNT_ID> '<AMOUNT>' sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Withdraw from storage
near account manage-storage-deposit <CONTRACT_ID> withdraw '<AMOUNT>' sign-as <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

update-social-profile

# Update profile with JSON args
near account update-social-profile <ACCOUNT_ID> json-args '{"name":"<NAME>","image":{"ipfs_cid":"<CID>"}}' sign-as <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Update profile from file
near account update-social-profile <ACCOUNT_ID> file-args /path/to/profile.json sign-as <ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

---

tokens Commands

view-near-balance

near tokens <ACCOUNT_ID> view-near-balance network-config <NETWORK> now

view-ft-balance

near tokens <ACCOUNT_ID> view-ft-balance <FT_CONTRACT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

view-nft-assets

near tokens <ACCOUNT_ID> view-nft-assets <NFT_CONTRACT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

send-near

near tokens <SENDER_ACCOUNT_ID> send-near <RECEIVER_ACCOUNT_ID> '<AMOUNT>' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

send-ft

# Send specific amount
near tokens <SENDER_ACCOUNT_ID> send-ft <FT_CONTRACT_ID> <RECEIVER_ACCOUNT_ID> '<AMOUNT>' memo '<MEMO>' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Send all tokens (with optional custom gas/deposit)
near tokens <SENDER_ACCOUNT_ID> send-ft <FT_CONTRACT_ID> <RECEIVER_ACCOUNT_ID> all memo '' --prepaid-gas '300.0 Tgas' --attached-deposit '1 yoctoNEAR' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

Note: Default prepaid-gas is '100.0 Tgas' and attached-deposit is '1 yoctoNEAR'.

send-nft

near tokens <SENDER_ACCOUNT_ID> send-nft <NFT_CONTRACT_ID> <RECEIVER_ACCOUNT_ID> <TOKEN_ID> --prepaid-gas '300.0 Tgas' --attached-deposit '1 yoctoNEAR' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

---

staking Commands

validator-list

near staking validator-list network-config <NETWORK>

delegation

# View delegated stake balance
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> view-balance <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

# Deposit and stake (send NEAR to pool and immediately stake)
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> deposit-and-stake '<AMOUNT>' <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Stake previously deposited tokens
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> stake '<AMOUNT>' <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Stake all previously deposited or unstaked tokens
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> stake-all <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Unstake a specific amount
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> unstake '<AMOUNT>' <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Unstake everything
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> unstake-all <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Withdraw a specific amount (after unstaking + ~2 epoch wait)
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> withdraw '<AMOUNT>' <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Withdraw all available unstaked tokens
near staking delegation <ACCOUNT_ID> withdraw-all <POOL_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

Note: Unstaked funds require approximately 2 epochs (~48 hours) before they can be withdrawn.

---

contract Commands

call-function (view/read-only)

# With JSON args
near contract call-function as-read-only <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> json-args '{"key":"value"}' network-config <NETWORK> now

# With empty args
near contract call-function as-read-only <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> empty-args network-config <NETWORK> now

# With text args
near contract call-function as-read-only <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> text-args '<STRING>' network-config <NETWORK> now

# With base64 args
near contract call-function as-read-only <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> base64-args '<BASE64>' network-config <NETWORK> now

call-function (transaction/state-changing)

# With JSON args
near contract call-function as-transaction <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> json-args '{"key":"value"}' prepaid-gas '<GAS>' attached-deposit '<DEPOSIT>' sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# With empty args
near contract call-function as-transaction <CONTRACT_ID> <METHOD_NAME> empty-args prepaid-gas '<GAS>' attached-deposit '<DEPOSIT>' sign-as <SIGNER_ACCOUNT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

deploy

# Deploy without init call
near contract deploy <ACCOUNT_ID> use-file /path/to/contract.wasm without-init-call network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

# Deploy with init call
near contract deploy <ACCOUNT_ID> use-file /path/to/contract.wasm with-init-call <INIT_METHOD> json-args '{}' prepaid-gas '100 Tgas' attached-deposit '0 NEAR' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

inspect

near contract inspect <CONTRACT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

verify

near contract verify deployed-at <CONTRACT_ID> network-config <NETWORK> now

download-abi

near contract download-abi <CONTRACT_ID> save-to-file <OUTPUT_FILE_PATH> network-config <NETWORK> now

download-wasm

near contract download-wasm <CONTRACT_ID> save-to-file <OUTPUT_FILE_PATH> network-config <NETWORK> now

view-storage

# View all storage as JSON
near contract view-storage <CONTRACT_ID> all as-json network-config <NETWORK> now

# View storage filtered by key prefix (string)
near contract view-storage <CONTRACT_ID> keys-start-with-string '<PREFIX>' as-json network-config <NETWORK> now

# View storage filtered by key prefix (base64)
near contract view-storage <CONTRACT_ID> keys-start-with-bytes-as-base64 '<BASE64_PREFIX>' as-json network-config <NETWORK> now

---

transaction Commands

view-status

near transaction view-status <TX_HASH> network-config <NETWORK>

reconstruct-transaction

near transaction reconstruct-transaction <TX_HASH> network-config <NETWORK>

sign-transaction

near transaction sign-transaction '<UNSIGNED_TX_BASE64>' network-config <NETWORK> sign-with-keychain send

send-signed-transaction

near transaction send-signed-transaction '<SIGNED_TX_BASE64>' network-config <NETWORK>

print-transaction

# Print signed transaction fields
near transaction print-transaction signed '<SIGNED_TX_BASE64>'

# Print unsigned transaction fields
near transaction print-transaction unsigned '<UNSIGNED_TX_BASE64>'

send-meta-transaction

near transaction send-meta-transaction '<SIGNED_DELEGATE_BASE64>' network-config <NETWORK>

---

config Commands

show-connections

near config show-connections

add-connection

near config add-connection --network-name <NETWORK_NAME> --connection-name <CONNECTION_NAME> --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --wallet-url <WALLET_URL> --explorer-transaction-url <EXPLORER_TX_URL> [--rpc-api-key '<API_KEY>'] [--linkdrop-account-id <LINKDROP_ID>] [--faucet-url <FAUCET_URL>] [--meta-transaction-relayer-url <RELAYER_URL>]

delete-connection

near config delete-connection <CONNECTION_NAME>

---

Common Patterns (Cookbook)

Quick-reference one-liners for the most frequent tasks. Substitute placeholders with real values.

1. Check NEAR balance

near tokens alice.near view-near-balance network-config mainnet now

2. Transfer NEAR tokens

near tokens alice.near send-near bob.near '5 NEAR' network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

3. View account details

near account view-account-summary alice.near network-config mainnet now

4. List access keys

near account list-keys alice.near network-config mainnet now

5. Send fungible tokens

near tokens alice.near send-ft usdt.tether-token.near bob.near '10 USDT' memo '' network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

6. View FT balance

near tokens alice.near view-ft-balance usdt.tether-token.near network-config mainnet now

7. Call a view-only contract method

near contract call-function as-read-only wrap.near ft_balance_of json-args '{"account_id":"alice.near"}' network-config mainnet now

8. Call a state-changing contract method

near contract call-function as-transaction wrap.near ft_transfer json-args '{"receiver_id":"bob.near","amount":"1000000000000000000000000"}' prepaid-gas '100 Tgas' attached-deposit '1 yoctoNEAR' sign-as alice.near network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

9. Stake NEAR with a validator

near staking delegation alice.near deposit-and-stake '10 NEAR' aurora.pool.near network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

10. Unstake from a validator

near staking delegation alice.near unstake-all aurora.pool.near network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

11. Withdraw unstaked NEAR (after ~2 epoch wait)

near staking delegation alice.near withdraw-all aurora.pool.near network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain send

12. Create a testnet account (faucet-funded)

near account create-account sponsor-by-faucet-service myaccount.testnet autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain network-config testnet create

13. Create a sub-account (self-funded)

near account create-account fund-myself sub.alice.testnet '1 NEAR' autogenerate-new-keypair save-to-keychain sign-as alice.testnet network-config testnet sign-with-keychain send

14. Deploy a contract

near contract deploy mycontract.testnet use-file ./contract.wasm without-init-call network-config testnet sign-with-keychain send

15. Delete an access key

near account delete-keys alice.testnet public-keys ed25519:<PUBKEY_TO_REMOVE> network-config testnet sign-with-keychain send

16. Add a full-access key

near account add-key alice.testnet grant-full-access use-manually-provided-public-key ed25519:<NEW_PUBKEY> network-config testnet sign-with-keychain send

---

Offline Mode and Scripting Tips

Offline signing workflow (air-gapped / two-machine)

# Machine A (offline): produce signed tx in base64 without broadcasting
near --offline tokens alice.near send-near bob.near '1 NEAR' network-config mainnet sign-with-seed-phrase '<SEED_PHRASE>' --seed-phrase-hd-path 'm/44'"'"'/397'"'"'/0'"'"'' display

# Machine B (online): broadcast the base64 tx
near transaction send-signed-transaction '<SIGNED_TX_BASE64>' network-config mainnet

sign-later workflow

# Step 1: produce unsigned base64 tx
near tokens alice.near send-near bob.near '1 NEAR' network-config mainnet sign-later

# Step 2: sign it (outputs signed base64)
near transaction sign-transaction '<UNSIGNED_TX_BASE64>' network-config mainnet sign-with-keychain display

# Step 3: broadcast
near transaction send-signed-transaction '<SIGNED_TX_BASE64>' network-config mainnet

Scripting tips

• Always add --quiet to suppress progress output in scripts
• Always quote amounts: '1 NEAR', '0.5 NEAR', '1 yoctoNEAR'
• Seed phrase HD path shell escaping: 'm/44'"'"'/397'"'"'/0'"'"''
• Use display instead of send to inspect signed tx before broadcasting

---

Key Format Reference

Item	Format	Example
Public key	ed25519:<BASE58>	ed25519:8h7kFK4...
Private key	ed25519:<BASE58>	ed25519:2qM8v3N...
Transaction hash	44-char base58	F3eZmht...
Named account	name.near / name.testnet	alice.near
Implicit account	64-char lowercase hex	a4b05ef3...
Standard HD path	m/44'/397'/0'	NEAR BIP44
Ledger HD path	m/44'/397'/0'/0'/N'	5-component required for Ledger
PQ public key (v0.28+, draft)	ml-dsa-65:<BASE58>	post-quantum keys; experimental

---

Common Errors

Error	Likely cause / fix
"Account does not exist"	Wrong network, or account not yet funded
"Access key not found"	Use sign-with-legacy-keychain or sign-with-seed-phrase
"Exceeded prepaid gas"	Increase gas: '300 Tgas'
FT transfer fails silently	FT ft_transfer requires attached-deposit '1 yoctoNEAR'
"Method not found"	Check method name with near contract inspect
Seed phrase HD path error	Escape single quotes: 'm/44'"'"'/397'"'"'/0'"'"''