typography

Typography Mastery

Create beautiful, readable, and systematic typography for any web project.

Prerequisites

Before setting typography, check for existing design context:

• Read .agents/design-context.md (see design-context): Heading/Body/Mono Font, Base Size, Scale Ratio, Heading/Body Weight. Use them unless the user is explicitly changing them.
• If a design system exists in the codebase, align with its type scale and font stack.
• Note: the design-context "Type Scale Reference" (12/14/16/18/20/24/30/36/48/60/72) is Tailwind's hand-tuned scale, not a strict 1.25 progression. If the project already uses it, keep it; for new work, generate a true modular scale from the saved Scale Ratio (Step 1) and say which one you used.

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Step 1: Choose a Type Scale Ratio

The type scale ratio determines the mathematical relationship between sizes. Pick based on the content density and visual character of the project.

Ratio	Nickname	Value	Best for
Minor second	Tight	1.067	Dense data UIs, dashboards
Major second	Compact	1.125	Apps, tools, compact layouts
Minor third	Default	1.200	General web, blogs, marketing
Major third	Relaxed	1.250	Editorial, magazines
Perfect fourth	Bold	1.333	Marketing sites, landing pages
Augmented fourth	Impact	1.414	Bold headlines, creative sites
Perfect fifth	Drama	1.500	High-impact hero sections
Golden ratio	Grand	1.618	Art, luxury, editorial

Generate a Scale

:root {
  --type-ratio: 1.25;   /* major third */
  --type-base: 1rem;    /* 16px */

  /* Each step = previous * ratio, so changing --type-ratio updates the whole scale */
  --text-xs:   max(0.75rem, calc(var(--text-sm) / var(--type-ratio))); /* 0.64rem = 10.24px -> floored to 12px */
  --text-sm:   calc(var(--type-base) / var(--type-ratio));  /* 0.8rem   = 12.8px */
  --text-base: var(--type-base);                             /* 1rem     = 16px   */
  --text-lg:   calc(var(--text-base) * var(--type-ratio));   /* 1.25rem  = 20px   */
  --text-xl:   calc(var(--text-lg) * var(--type-ratio));     /* 1.563rem = 25px   */
  --text-2xl:  calc(var(--text-xl) * var(--type-ratio));     /* 1.953rem = 31.25px */
  --text-3xl:  calc(var(--text-2xl) * var(--type-ratio));    /* 2.441rem = 39px   */
  --text-4xl:  calc(var(--text-3xl) * var(--type-ratio));    /* 3.052rem = 48.8px */
  --text-5xl:  calc(var(--text-4xl) * var(--type-ratio));    /* 3.815rem = 61px   */
}

Formula: size(n) = base × ratio^n. Comments above are for ratio 1.25; recompute them if you change the ratio. Keep functional text (captions, labels) at 12px or larger.

---

Step 2: Font Pairing Rules

Core Pairing Strategies

1. Serif headings + Sans body: Classic editorial feel. High contrast in structure.
2. Geometric sans headings + Humanist sans body: Modern but warm.
3. Slab serif headings + Sans body: Bold, confident.
4. Mono headings + Sans body: Technical, developer-oriented.
5. Same family, different weights: Safest option. Use 700+ for headings, 400 for body.

What to Avoid

• Two fonts from the same category with similar proportions (e.g., two geometric sans).
• More than 2 typefaces on a single page (3 max if one is monospace for code).
• Decorative/display fonts for body text.

---

Step 3: Curated Google Fonts Pairings

These are tested, production-ready combinations.

Editorial / Content-heavy

1. Playfair Display + Source Sans 3 Elegant serif headings, clean sans body. Great for magazines, blogs.

2. Lora + Inter Warm transitional serif + neutral modern sans. Excellent readability.

3. Fraunces + Commissioner Variable "soft" serif with personality + low-contrast humanist sans. Distinctive editorial.

Modern / SaaS

4. Inter + Inter Single-family system. Use 700 for headings, 400 for body. Extremely versatile.

5. DM Sans + DM Sans Geometric, modern. Slightly more personality than Inter.

6. Manrope + Source Sans 3 Semi-condensed geometric grotesque + humanist sans. Friendly tech feel.

Bold / Marketing

7. Space Grotesk + General Sans (Fontshare, self-host) or Space Grotesk + DM Sans Monospace-influenced sans + clean geometric. Techy and bold.

8. Bricolage Grotesque + Inter Quirky variable sans for headings + reliable body text. Playful but professional.

9. Cabinet Grotesk + Satoshi (both Fontshare, self-host -- see Licensing) Modern geometric pair. Premium startup aesthetic.

Specialized

10. JetBrains Mono + Inter Monospace headings/code + sans body. Developer tools, documentation.

11. Instrument Serif + Instrument Sans Companion serif/sans designed together. Low-risk pairing (Instrument Serif is display-weight only -- headings, not body).

12. Sora + Newsreader Geometric sans headings + readable serif body. Inverted classic pattern.

CSS Import Pattern

<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Playfair+Display:wght@700;800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">

:root {
  --font-heading: 'Playfair Display', Georgia, serif;
  --font-body: 'Inter', system-ui, sans-serif;
  --font-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
}

---

Step 4: Heading Hierarchy

Recommended Defaults (1.25 ratio, base 16px)

h1 {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: var(--text-5xl);   /* ~3.8rem / 61px */
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.1;
  letter-spacing: -0.025em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

h2 {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: var(--text-4xl);   /* ~3.05rem / 49px */
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.15;
  letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

h3 {
  font-family: var(--font-heading);
  font-size: var(--text-3xl);   /* ~2.44rem / 39px */
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1.2;
  letter-spacing: -0.015em;
  margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}

h4 {
  font-size: var(--text-2xl);   /* ~1.95rem / 31px */
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.25;
  letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

h5 {
  font-size: var(--text-xl);    /* ~1.56rem / 25px */
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

h6 {
  font-size: var(--text-lg);    /* ~1.25rem / 20px */
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.4;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
}

Key Rules

• Negative letter-spacing for large headings (-0.01em to -0.03em).
• Tighter line-height for headings (1.1-1.3) than body text.
• Never skip heading levels to get a smaller size (h1 -> h3). Heading levels are document structure for screen readers; decouple looks with classes (<h2 class="h4">).

---

Step 5: Body Text Optimization

The Golden Rules

• Font size: 16px minimum, 18px preferred for long-form content.
• Line height: 1.5 for UI, 1.6-1.75 for long-form reading.
• Line length: 45-75 characters per line (65ch is ideal).
• Paragraph spacing: 1em-1.5em between paragraphs.

body {
  font-family: var(--font-body);
  font-size: 1.125rem;        /* 18px */
  line-height: 1.65;
  color: var(--text-primary, var(--gray-900)); /* design-context: Neutral 800 body / 900 headings */
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;  /* macOS only; harmless elsewhere */
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}

.prose {
  max-width: 65ch;
  margin-inline: auto;
}

.prose p + p {
  margin-top: 1.25em;
}

.prose > * + * {
  margin-top: 1em;
}

---

Step 6: Responsive Typography with clamp()

Use clamp() for fluid scaling between breakpoints without media queries.

Formula

clamp(min, preferred, max)
slope     = (maxSize - minSize) / (maxViewport - minViewport)      e.g. (24 - 20) / (1280 - 360) = 0.004348
preferred = (slope * 100)vw + (minSize - slope * minViewport)/16 rem
          = 0.4348vw + 1.152rem   ->  clamp(1.25rem, 0.4348vw + 1.152rem, 1.5rem)

Always keep a rem term in the preferred value: pure vw sizes do not grow with browser zoom and fail WCAG 1.4.4 (Resize Text).

Practical Fluid Scale

This replaces the static scale from Step 1 (use one or the other, not both). Max values approximate a 1.25-1.33 progression at desktop widths; min values stay close to the mobile static scale.

:root {
  --text-base: clamp(1rem, 0.5vw + 0.875rem, 1.125rem);
  --text-lg:   clamp(1.125rem, 0.75vw + 0.9rem, 1.35rem);
  --text-xl:   clamp(1.25rem, 1vw + 0.95rem, 1.75rem);
  --text-2xl:  clamp(1.5rem, 1.5vw + 1rem, 2.25rem);
  --text-3xl:  clamp(1.875rem, 2vw + 1.1rem, 3rem);
  --text-4xl:  clamp(2.25rem, 3vw + 1rem, 4rem);
  --text-5xl:  clamp(2.75rem, 4vw + 1rem, 5.5rem);
}

Hero Headline Pattern

.hero-title {
  font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw + 1rem, 6rem);
  font-weight: 800;
  line-height: 1.05;
  letter-spacing: -0.03em;
  text-wrap: balance; /* evens out line lengths in short headings */
}

---

Step 7: Text Treatments and Effects

Gradient Text

.gradient-text {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  background-clip: text;
}

Outlined / Stroke Text

.outlined-text {
  -webkit-text-stroke: 2px currentColor;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  font-weight: 800;
  font-size: 5rem;
}

Text Shadow and Text Over Images

.text-shadow-soft { text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); }
.text-shadow-hard { text-shadow: 3px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); }
.text-over-image  { text-shadow: 0 2px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } /* or a backdrop: */
.text-backdrop    { background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5); backdrop-filter: blur(4px); padding: 0.5em 1em; border-radius: 0.25em; }

Gradient, outlined, and image-backed text must still meet contrast: measure the lightest part of the gradient/photo behind the text, and keep outlined text to display sizes.

---

Step 8: Variable Fonts

Common Axes

Axis	CSS property	Range (typical)
wght	font-weight	100-900
wdth	font-stretch	75%-125%
slnt	font-style: oblique Xdeg	-12 to 0 (varies)
ital	font-style: italic	0 or 1
opsz	font-optical-sizing: auto	varies (Inter 14-32)

@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Variable';
  src: url('/fonts/InterVariable.woff2') format('woff2');
  font-weight: 100 900;
  font-display: swap;
}

.heading {
  font-family: 'Inter Variable', sans-serif;
  font-weight: 750;           /* precise weight */
  font-optical-sizing: auto;  /* uses Inter's opsz axis automatically */
}

/* Width only works if the font HAS a wdth axis (e.g. Roboto Flex, Mona Sans; Inter has none) */
.heading-wide { font-stretch: 110%; }

Prefer the high-level properties (font-weight, font-stretch, font-style, font-optical-sizing) over font-variation-settings, which overrides all axes at once and does not inherit per-axis. Check a font's axes on its Google Fonts page before using them.

---

Step 9: Letter-Spacing and Word-Spacing Guidelines

Context	letter-spacing	Rationale
Large headings (3rem+)	-0.02 to -0.03em	Tighten for visual density
Small headings	-0.01em	Slight tightening
Body text	normal (0)	Default is optimized
All-caps text	+0.05 to +0.1em	Caps need room to breathe
Small/caption text	+0.01 to +0.02em	Improve legibility at small sizes
Monospace	normal	Already evenly spaced

.caps-label {
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
  font-size: var(--text-sm);
  font-weight: 600;
}

---

Step 10: Font Loading Strategy

Recommended Approach

Pick ONE: Google Fonts CDN (Option A) or self-hosting (Option B, better for performance and privacy/GDPR).

<!-- Option A: Google Fonts CDN -- preconnect, then the stylesheet from Step 3 -->
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>

<!-- Option B: self-hosted -- preload only the 1-2 files needed above the fold -->
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2"
      href="/fonts/inter-var.woff2" crossorigin>

@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter';
  src: url('/fonts/inter-var.woff2') format('woff2');
  font-weight: 100 900;
  font-display: swap;  /* Show fallback immediately, swap when loaded */
}

font-display Values

Value	Behavior	Use when
swap	Fallback shown immediately, swaps	Body text, most cases
optional	Brief block, may skip custom font	Non-critical decorative fonts
fallback	Short block, short swap period	Balance of swap + optional
block	Invisible text for up to 3s	Icon fonts only

System Font Stack Fallback

:root {
  --font-system: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
                 Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;
}

Preventing Layout Shift

Use size-adjust, ascent-override, and descent-override to match fallback metrics:

@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Fallback';
  src: local('Arial');
  size-adjust: 107%;
  ascent-override: 90%;
  descent-override: 22%;
  line-gap-override: 0%;
}

body { font-family: 'Inter', 'Inter Fallback', sans-serif; }

These override values are for Inter over Arial; for other fonts generate them (e.g. Fontaine, Capsize, or next/font, which does it automatically).

Licensing

• Google Fonts families are open source (almost all SIL OFL 1.1, a few Apache 2.0): free for commercial use, embedding, and self-hosting.
• Fontshare fonts (Satoshi, General Sans, Cabinet Grotesk) are free for commercial use under the ITF Free Font License, but are not on Google Fonts; download and self-host them.
• Commercial foundry fonts need a web license (often priced by pageviews). Never self-host a font file pulled from a design tool or OS without confirming the license.

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Quick Reference Checklist

1. Pick a type scale ratio appropriate to the project.
2. Choose max 2 typefaces (3 if including monospace).
3. Set body text to 16-18px with 1.5-1.75 line-height.
4. Constrain line length to 45-75 characters.
5. Use clamp() for fluid responsive sizing.
6. Apply negative letter-spacing to large headings.
7. Use positive letter-spacing for uppercase text.
8. Preload critical fonts; use font-display: swap.
9. Set up a system font fallback stack.
10. Use text-wrap: balance on headings and text-wrap: pretty on paragraphs to avoid orphans.

Verify and Save

1. Render a type specimen: write an HTML page (scratchpad) showing h1-h6, body paragraph (~3 lines at real width), caption, label, code, and a long unbroken heading, using the actual fonts. Screenshot at 375px and 1280px wide (npx playwright screenshot --viewport-size=375,800 --full-page "file://$PWD/specimen.html" mobile.png) and look at both with Read. Check: fonts actually loaded (not fallback), clear step between each level, body line length 45-75 characters, no heading wider than the viewport.
2. Offer to write back to .agents/design-context.md: update only the changed Typography fields (Heading Font, Body Font, Mono Font, Base Size, Scale Ratio, Heading Weight, Body Weight) as full font stacks. Show the diff and ask before saving.